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HPV疫苗必须接种吗?为何年龄划定在13周岁?官方解答→-苏州在线
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HPV疫苗必须接种吗?为何年龄划定在13周岁?官方解答→

作者: 【编辑:张令旗】 · 2026-09-18 19:33 · views 1
【编辑:张令旗】作者
作者2026-09-18 19:33

  自2025年11月10日起,HPV疫苗纳入国家免疫规划。国家疾控局等部门明确,2011年11月10日以后出生、年满13周岁的女孩,可免费接种2剂次双价HPV疫苗。

  临近开学,很多家长都收到了地方疾控部门或学校发出的接种HPV疫苗的提示消息。一些家长对此也有顾虑,HPV疫苗必须接种吗?为何要将疫苗接种年龄划定为年满13周岁?近期,国家疾控局持续对相关问题进行答疑。

  去年,我国将人乳头瘤病毒疫苗(即HPV疫苗)纳入国家免疫规划,自此,预防宫颈癌从“个人选择”走向“全民防护”。

  接种HPV疫苗有何作用?简单来说,这是有科学证据证明的阻断宫颈癌发病最有效、最经济的一级防护措施。中国疾病预防控制中心研究员王富珍介绍,绝大多数(99%)的宫颈癌发病都与高危型HPV持续感染密切相关。对适龄人群接种HPV疫苗可有效降低宫颈癌患病风险。

  根据国家癌症中心数据,我国宫颈癌新发和死亡病例仍处于较高水平。以2022年为例,当年我国宫颈癌新发病例超过15万例,死亡病例达到5.6万例,相当于近10分钟就有一名女性因宫颈癌离世。同时,近20年来我国宫颈癌的发病率呈上升且年轻化的趋势,部分病例甚至出现在20多岁未育女性中。

  有家长提出顾虑,13岁年龄太小,孩子大一点再打疫苗也不迟。对此,专家表示,确定13周岁为接种目标年龄,是因为该年龄段免疫应答效果较好。当前我国女性HPV感染率按年龄呈“双峰”分布,其中第一个高峰在17-24岁。中国疾病预防控制中心免疫规划中心副主任安志杰表示,在首次暴露前接种疫苗能形成最佳的保护效果。

  安志杰:从感染风险来看,HPV主要通过性行为感染,因此在感染几率增大之前进行HPV疫苗接种,可以获得更好的保护效果,最大限度发挥疫苗预防HPV感染的作用。从免疫效果来看,相关研究表明,9~14岁女孩接种HPV疫苗产生的抗体水平是15岁以上人群的两倍以上。因此在13周岁接种HPV疫苗,可以获得更高的抗体水平和更持久的保护效果。

  专家建议,在适龄阶段早接种可形成长效免疫记忆,防护效力至少维持10年以上,宫颈癌发展周期长,提前接种才能从源头阻断感染。

  近期,一些社交平台上出现“金秋入学将查验学生HPV疫苗接种情况,未接种不能入学”的帖子。对此,国家疾控局表示,HPV疫苗接种情况已纳入部分地区入学查验范围,但是否完成接种不会影响孩子入学。

  国家疾控局表示,按照《儿童入托、入学预防接种证查验办法》开展预防接种证查验工作并非新设制度,而是依据《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》《中华人民共和国疫苗管理法》长期执行的常规程序,旨在核实接种情况、提醒补种。HPV疫苗作为新纳入国家免疫规划的品种,在入学阶段对预防接种证进行查验是正常调整。但完成接种并非入学前置条件,未接种或未完成接种的学生不影响正常入学。

  王富珍介绍,家长可按照学校查验给出的健康提示及时给孩子进行接种。

  国家疾控局提示,各地接种单位常态化开展免疫规划疫苗查漏补种工作。符合年龄要求的适龄女孩,如因故未能在规定时间内接种免费HPV疫苗,可在18周岁前到辖区接种点申请补种。

  目前,国内市场上HPV疫苗有双价、四价、九价等多种价次。有家长担忧,纳入国家免疫规划的双价HPV疫苗不如其他价次疫苗效果好;已经完成四价或九价HPV疫苗全程接种,还需要再接种免费双价疫苗吗?疫苗接种过程中需要关注哪些问题?

  目前,我国已上市的双价、四价、九价HPV疫苗的核心区别在于预防的病毒型号数量和覆盖的疾病范围不同。“价”代表疫苗能预防的HPV病毒亚型种类。选择接种四价或九价HPV疫苗的家长多看中其可防护更多型别的HPV病毒。

  专家表示,双价HPV疫苗主要针对的HPV16和18型别病毒,是我国宫颈癌发病的元凶,可有效预防70%以上的宫颈癌发病。四价、九价HPV疫苗除了预防宫颈癌之外,也能够预防尖锐湿疣等疾病,家长可以综合考虑后进行选择。自费接种四价、九价HPV疫苗后,也视同完成国家免疫规划疫苗的接种。

  中国疾病预防控制中心免疫规划首席专家王华庆介绍,双价HPV疫苗实施2剂次免疫程序,接种间隔是6个月。

  王华庆:双价HPV疫苗完成首剂接种后间隔半年接种第二剂次,间隔期最好不要超过一年。许多临床研究证据证明HPV疫苗和其他疫苗,如甲肝疫苗、乙肝疫苗、百白破疫苗、脊髓灰质炎疫苗、流脑疫苗等同时接种,没有发现有效性降低,安全性风险增加的情景。因此国际共识是HPV疫苗可以与其他疫苗同时接种,但需要注意的是同时接种要选择不同的部位,如左上臂接种HPV疫苗,右上臂接种其他类疫苗。

  专家同时提醒,HPV疫苗对已经发生的病毒感染无清除作用;北京协和医院妇产科学系主任医师朱兰表示,在接种疫苗后,仍建议女性定期进行宫颈癌筛查。

  朱兰:HPV疫苗属于预防性疫苗,不能清除已存在的HPV感染,也不能阻止已有病变的进展,所以仍需要定期筛查。如果确定为宫颈癌前病变的患者,可以通过及早的临床治疗,健康管理和康复支持等措施,减少宫颈癌导致死亡的可能,提高患者的生存质量。

  监制丨朱敏

  记者丨杜希萌

  (中央广播电视总台中国之声)

【编辑:张令旗】

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